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On This Day: July 5

Updated July 4, 2012, 2:28 pm

NYT Front Page

On July 5, 1975, Arthur Ashe became the first black man to win a Wimbledon singles title as he defeated Jimmy Connors.
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On July 5, 1810, P. T. Barnum, the great American showman, was born. Following his death on April 7, 1891, his obituary appeared in The Times.

Go to obituary » | Other birthdays »

 

On This Date

By The Associated Press

1810 Sowman and promoter Phineas T. Barnum was born in Bethel, Conn.
1811 Venezuela became the first South American country to declare independence from Spain.
1830 The French occupied the North African city of Algiers.
1865 William Booth founded the Salvation Army in London.
1935 President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the National Labor Relations Act, which allowed labor to organize for the purpose of collective bargaining.
1946 The bikini made its debut during an outdoor fashion show at the Molitor Pool in Paris.
1948 Britain’s National Health Service Act went into effect, providing government-financed medical and dental care.
1975 The Cape Verde Islands became independent after 500 years of Portuguese rule.
1975 Arthur Ashe became the first African-American man to win a Wimbledon singles title as he defeated Jimmy Connors.
1991 Regulators in eight countries shut down the Bank of Credit and Commerce International, charging it with fraud, drug money laundering and illegal infiltration into the U.S. banking system.
1997 Martina Hingis, 16, became the youngest Wimbledom singles champion in 110 years.
2002 Baseball Hall of Famer Ted Williams died at age 83.
2006 North Korea test-fired seven missiles into the Sea of Japan, including at least one believed capable of reaching the U.S. mainland.
2006 Enron founder Kenneth Lay, facing decades in prison, died of heart disease at age 64.
2009 The worst ethnic violence in decades in China erupted in the far western Xinjiang region. Some 200 people were killed.
2005 Roger Federer of Switzerland won Wimbledon for his record 15th Grand Slam tennis title.

Current Birthdays

By The Associated Press

Edie Falco, Actress (“The Sopranos,” “Nurse Jackie”)

Actress Edie Falco (“The Sopranos,” “Nurse Jackie”) turns 49 years old today.

AP Photo/Evan Agostini

Huey Lewis, Rock singer

Rock singer Huey Lewis turns 62 years old today.

AP Photo/Peter Kramer

1929 Katherine Helmond, Actress (“Soap,” “Who’s the Boss”), turns 83
1936 Shirley Knight, Actress, turns 76
1943 Robbie Robertson, Rock singer, musician (The Band), turns 69
1948 Julie Nixon Eisenhower, Daughter of President Richard Nixon, turns 64
1951 Rich “Goose” Gossage, Baseball Hall of Famer, turns 61
1951 Roger Wicker, U.S. senator, R-Miss., turns 61
1956 James Lofton, Football Hall of Famer, turns 56
1959 Marc Cohn, Rock singer, songwriter, turns 53
1965 Kathryn Erbe, Actress (“Law & Order: Criminal Intent”), turns 47
1968 Michael Stuhlbarg, Actor (“A Serious Man”), turns 44
1982 Dave Haywood, Country musician (Lady Antebellum), turns 30

 

Historic Birthdays

P. T. Barnum 7/5/1810 – 4/7/1891 American showman.Go to obituary »
69 David Farragut 7/5/1801 – 8/14/1870
American Civil War admiral
59 Robert Fitzroy 7/5/1805 – 4/30/1865
English naval officer; commanded the H.M.S. Beagle
48 Cecil Rhodes 7/5/1853 – 3/26/1902
English financier and empire builder of South Africa
84 Edouard Herriot 7/5/1872 – 3/26/1957
French premier (1924-5, 1926, 1932)
71 Judah Leon Magnes 7/5/1877 – 10/27/1948
American founder of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
66 Dwight Davis 7/5/1879 – 11/28/1945
American tennis player
80 Wanda Landowska 7/5/1879 – 8/16/1959
Polish-born harpsichordist
101 Willem Drees 7/5/1886 – 5/14/1988
Dutch prime minister (1948-58)
95 John Howard Northrop 7/5/1891 – 5/27/1987
American Nobel Prize-winning biochemist (1946)
82 Henry Cabot Lodge 7/5/1902 – 2/27/1985
American diplomat and U.S. senator from Massachusetts (1937-44, 1947-52)
62 Georges Pompidou 7/5/1911 – 4/2/1974
French premier (1962-8) and president (1969-74)
30 Manolete 7/5/1917 – 8/29/1947
Spanish bullfighter

 

 

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Fireworks In the Driveway (Who Said They're Small?!)



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Festive Fare on the Fourth: Better Enjoyed In the Cool Indoors

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A Clearer Facsimile of the Declaration of Independence

A Clear Declaration of Intent Is Now Even Clearer

The Declaration of Independence should not be a mystery. Yet offering a facsimile alone, as The New York Times has done every Fourth of July for 90 years, does not do much to illuminate it. While the language of the document is lucid, the florid 18th-century handwriting can be difficult to decipher.

This year, The Times is presenting a much higher-resolution facsimile, furnished by the National Archives and Records Administration. It is accompanied for the first time by a transcription, set in the Imperial typeface, following the capitalization, punctuation and spelling of the original. Catherine Gilmore-Barnes, a Times art director, designed the page.

The point of the exercise — to reacquaint Americans with this stirring document — is unchanged since July 4, 1897, when The Times, newly acquired by Adolph S. Ochs, first reproduced the declaration on Independence Day, calling it the “original charter of the Nation.” (The custom of printing a facsimile annually dates to July 4, 1922.)

“Its character is familiar to all,” an accompanying editorial said in 1897, “but we commend it to the lovers of sound literature as one of the purest and noblest examples of 18th-century English extant.”

Thomas Jefferson, the principal author, was justifying a revolution that had already begun and framing the principles by which the newly formed nation would be guided.

Meeting in Philadelphia as the Second Continental Congress, 12 colonies adopted a resolution of independence on July 2 and the declaration on July 4. New York abstained at first. Once it joined, Congress ordered the preparation on parchment of a formal, handwritten copy of the declaration, suitable for signing. Timothy Matlack of Pennsylvania is credited with the work, which was finished and signed by most of the delegates on Aug. 2.

The version reproduced in The Times is not of the original, which has faded to near-illegibility, but of an authorized facsimile completed by William J. Stone in 1823. This is the most widely reproduced image of the Declaration of Independence.

Sharp-eyed readers can spot Stone’s mark under the first column of signatures, a half inch or so below George Walton’s name: “W. J. Stone sc. Washn.” Catherine Nicholson, deputy director of the conservation lab at the National Archives, explained that “sc” stands for “sculpsit,” an 18th-century designation added after an engraver’s name.

Just how Stone managed to copy Matlack’s original so faithfully is a matter of conjecture and debate. Stone has long stood accused of having made a “press copy,” transferring some of the ink from the original by placing a thin sheet of damp paper on the parchment; in other words, degrading the very document he was charged with perpetuating.

However, Ms. Nicholson said there is no contemporary account of Stone using the wet transfer method. It is known that the project took him three years to finish. He may have laboriously traced the original by hand or with a mechanical device called a pantograph.

In any case, the copper plate that he engraved still exists and is exhibited at the archives.

During the national bicentennial in 1976, a protective coating of beeswax and paper was removed from the surface of Stone’s engraving. Angelo LoVecchio, a master printer at the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, inked the copper plate and pulled six new prints.

A print from that 1976 series is what appears in The Times. The image furnished by the National Archives is a TIFF file with a resolution of 300 pixels per inch. The scan took about seven minutes to make, using a Linhof Technika camera and a Better Light Super 8K digital scan back, under Kino Flo fluorescent lights with ultraviolet filters.

This is not the first time in 90 years that The Times has tinkered with the facsimile. In 1953, some extra space was added, presumably for the sake of appearance, since the declaration is of a different proportion than a newspaper page.

The errant photoengraving, kept in a picture editor’s desk, was reused again and again.

In 1978, however, as The Times prepared to convert to offset production, a new facsimile was requested of the National Archives. “It was discovered that someone had long ago inserted a few inches of bootleg white space below the text and above Hancock’s signature,” recalled Allan M. Siegal, a former assistant managing editor. “In their naïveté, the founding fathers had lacked the foresight to accommodate The Times’s aspect ratio.

“The art department restored the authenticity that year.”

 

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On This Day: July 4

Updated July 3, 2012, 2:28 pm

NYT Front Page

On July 4, 1976, the United States celebrated its Bicentential. In 1776, the Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence.
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On July 4, 1872, Calvin Coolidge, the 30th president of the United States, was born. Following his death on Jan. 5, 1933, his obituary appeared in The Times.

Go to obituary » | Other birthdays »

 

On This Date

By The Associated Press

1802 The U.S. Military Academy opened at West Point, N.Y.
1804 Author Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in Salem, Mass.
1826 Death claimed the second and third presidents of the United States: John Adams died at age 90 in Braintree, Mass., while Thomas Jefferson died at 83 at Monticello, his home near Charlottesville, Va.
1831 James Monroe, the fifth president of the United States, died at age 73 in New York City.
1845 American writer Henry David Thoreau began a two-year experiment in simple living at Walden Pond near Concord, Mass.
1872 Calvin Coolidge, the 30th president of the United States, was born in Plymouth, Vt.
1939 Baseball player Lou Gehrig, afflicted with a fatal illness, bid a tearful farewell at Yankee Stadium in New York, telling fans, “Today, I consider myself the luckiest man on the face of the Earth.”
1946 The Philippines became independent.
1958 Karol Wojtyla, the future Pope John Paul II, was appointed auxilliary bishop of Krakow in his native Poland.
1966 President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Freedom of Information Act into law.
1976 Israeli commandos raided Entebbe airport in Uganda, rescuing almost all of the passengers and crew of an Air France jetliner seized by pro-Palestinian hijackers.
1987 Former Getaspo chief Klaus Barbie was convicted by a French court of crimes against humanity and sentenced to life in prison.
2010 Gen. David Petraeus formally assumed command of the 130,000-strong international force in Afghanistan.

Current Birthdays

By The Associated Press

Neil Simon, Playwright

Playwright Neil Simon turns 85 years old today.

AP Photo/Charles Sykes

Geraldo Rivera, Broadcast journalist

Broadcast journalist Geraldo Rivera turns 69 years old today.

AP Photo/Red Huber

1918 Pauline Phillips, Advice columnist (“Dear Abby”), turns 94
1924 Eva Marie Saint, Actress, turns 88
1927 Gina Lollobrigida, Actress, turns 85
1938 Bill Withers, R&B singer, turns 74
1940 Karolyn Grimes, Actress (“It’s a Wonderful Life”), turns 72
1955 John Waite, Rock singer, turns 57
1962 Pam Shriver, Tennis Hall of Famer, turns 50
1965 Horace Grant, Basketball player, turns 47
1978 Becki Newton, Actress (“Ugly Betty”), turns 34

 

Historic Birthdays

Calvin Coolidge 7/4/1872 – 1/5/1933 American 30th president of the U.S.Go to obituary »
55 Jean-Pierre Blanchard 7/4/1753 – 3/7/1809
French balloonist; made first English Channel aerial crossing
59 Nathaniel Hawthorne 7/4/1804 – 5/19/1864
American novelist and short story writer
74 Giuseppe Garibaldi 7/4/1807 – 6/2/1882
Italian patriot
81 E. R. Squibb 7/4/1819 – 10/25/1900
American pharmaceutical manufacturer
37 Stephen Foster 7/4/1826 – 1/13/1864
American composer of minstrel and romantic songs
87 Rube Goldberg 7/4/1883 – 12/7/1970
American satirical cartoonist
72 Louis B. Mayer 7/4/1885 – 10/29/1957
Russian-born American movie executive
54 Gertrude Lawrence 7/4/1898 – 9/6/1952
English musical comedy actress
80 Meyer Lansky 7/4/1902 – 1/15/1983
American crime syndicate chief
89 George Murphy 7/4/1902 – 5/3/1992
American actor and politician
70 Lionel Trilling 7/4/1905 – 11/5/1975
American literary critic and teacher

 

 

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Post-Anniversary Festivities: The Amazing Spiderman Makes His Debut

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Nineteen, You Were Great! I'll Take More Where Those Came From!

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On This Day: July 3

Updated July 2, 2012, 2:28 pm

NYT Front Page

On July 3, 1863, the Civil War Battle of Gettysburg in Pennsylvania ended after three days in a major victory for the North as Confederate troops retreated.

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On July 3, 1878, George M. Cohan, the great song and dance man of Broadway, was born. Following his death on Nov. 5, 1942, his obituary appeared in The Times.

Go to obituary » | Other birthdays »

 

On This Date

By The Associated Press

1608 The city of Quebec was founded by Samuel de Champlain.
1775 Gen. George Washington took command of the Continental Army at Cambridge, Mass.
1878 Broadway song-and-dance man George M. Cohan was born in Providence, R.I. (Cohan claimed to have been – as he wrote in one of his patriotic songs – “born on the Fourth of July.”)
1890 Idaho became the 43rd state.
1898 The U.S. Navy defeated a Spanish fleet in the harbor at Santiago, Cuba, during the Spanish-American War.
1930 Congress created the Veterans Administration.
1962 Algeria became independent after 132 years of French rule.
1971 Rock singer Jim Morrison of The Doors died in Paris at age 27.
1985 The time-travel comedy “Back to the Future,” starring Michael J. Fox and Christopher Lloyd, was released in movie theaters.
1986 President Ronald Reagan presided over a ceremony in New York Harbor that saw the relighting of the renovated Statue of Liberty.
1988 The USS Vincennes shot down an Iran Air jetliner over the Persian Gulf, killing all 290 people aboard.
2001 Former Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosevic refused to enter a plea on war crimes charges in his first appearance before a U.N. tribunal at The Hague.
2005 A NASA space probe, Deep Impact, hit its comet target as planned in a mission to learn how the solar system formed.
2009 Sarah Palin announced she would resign as Alaska governor with 16 months left in her term.

Current Birthdays

By The Associated Press

Tom Cruise, Actor

Actor Tom Cruise turns 50 years old today.

AP Photo/Chris Pizzello

Patrick Wilson, Actor

Actor Patrick Wilson turns 39 years old today.

AP Photo/Peter Kramer

1930 Pete Fountain, Jazz clarinetist, turns 82
1937 Tom Stoppard, Playwright, turns 75
1939 Jay Tarses, Writer, producer, turns 73
1940 Lamar Alexander, U.S. senator, R-Tenn., turns 72
1943 Kurtwood Smith, Actor (“That 70s Show”), turns 69
1945 Michael Cole, Actor (“The Mod Squad”), turns 67
1947 Dave Barry, Humor writer, turns 65
1947 Betty Buckley, Actress (“Eight is Enough,” “Cats”), turns 65
1949 Jan Smithers, Actress (“WKRP In Cincinnati”), turns 63
1956 Montel Williams, Talk show host, turns 56
1962 Thomas Gibson, Actor (“Dharma and Greg”), turns 50
1962 Hunter Tylo, Actress (“The Bold and the Beautiful”), turns 50
1964 Yeardley Smith, Actress (“The Simpsons”), turns 48
1970 Audra McDonald, Singer, actress, turns 42
1980 Shoshannah Stern, Actress, turns 32

 

Historic Birthdays

George M. Cohan 7/3/1878 – 11/5/1942 American songwriter, actor, producer and director.Go to obituary »
63 Robert Adam 7/3/1728 – 3/3/1792
Scottish architect and designer
64 Samuel Huntington 7/3/1731 – 1/5/1796
American colonial leader; signed the Declaration of Independence
77 John Singleton Copley 7/3/1738 – 9/9/1815
American painter
55 Dankmar Adler 7/3/1844 – 4/16/1900
German-born American architect and engineer
75 Charlotte Gilman 7/3/1860 – 8/17/1935
American writer and women’s rights advocate
40 Franz Kafka 7/3/1883 – 6/3/1924
Czech-born German author
83 M. F. K. Fisher 7/3/1908 – 6/22/1992
American food essayist and novelist
86 Stavros Spyros Niarchos 7/3/1909 – 4/15/1996
Greek shipping magnate and art collector
52 Dorothy Kilgallen 7/3/1913 – 11/8/1965
American columnist, journalist and panelist