Posted Friday, February 11, 2011 6:00 PM | By
Nina Shen Rastogi
In 2003, we presented the first anthology of Donald Rumsfeld’s poetry, including the verse that’s become his most famous:
The Unknown
As we know,
There are known knowns.
There are things we know we know.
We also know
There are known unknowns.
That is to say
We know there are some things
We do not know.
But there are also unknown unknowns,
The ones we don’t know
We don’t know.
– Feb. 12, 2002, Department of Defense news briefing
It’s “known unknowns” that really holds the poem together, and Rumsfeld was smart to evoke the phrase in the title of his new memoir, Known and Unknown. But Andrew Kau, a graduate student in the Yale English department, wrote to remind us that John Keats got to the concatenation first.
In the second book of the English poet’s 1818 romance Endymion—which begins with the iconic line, “A thing of beauty is a joy forever”—Cupid addresses his beloved, Psyche, with the same paradoxical phrase Rumsfeld employs:
O known Unknown! from whom my being sips
Such darling essence, wherefore may I not
Be ever in these arms? in this sweet spot
Pillow my chin for ever? ever press
These toying hands and kiss their smooth excess?
Why not for ever and for ever feel
That breath about my eyes? Ah, thou wilt steal
Away from me again, indeed, indeed—
Thou wilt be gone away, and wilt not heed
My lonely madness. Speak, my kindest fair!
The Cupid-Psyche interlude is embedded within the larger narrative of the shepherd Endymion’s quest to find a mysterious, beautiful woman, a mission Kau sees as a reflection of Rumsfeld’s own career:
It is not that much of a leap to see the “liberation” of Iraq, in neo-conservative ideology, as a version of a heroic quest. Rumsfeld’s term, “known unknown,” suggests both the ultimate resolution of the quest (we will eventually turn the known unknown into a known known), while holding out the possibility of an indefinite deferral of this resolution (just as the genre of romance, and Endymion itself, can tediously spin out its narrative through countless adventures). Though surely inadvertent, Rumsfeld’s quotation of Keats jibes with the general strategy of the Bush Administration to balance our expectations of closure and open-endedness.
“Known unknown” is also a beautifully succinct way of describing the inherent tension of romance: the notion that, no matter how intimate you may be with your beloved, something at that person’s core will always remain ineffable, separate, mysterious. Between that and the fuzzy Patagonia fleece he’s sporting on the cover of his book, it’s almost enough to make us want to fold Rumsfeld up into a Valentine’s Day hug.